Our final Thoughts...

Some questions to consider...

Materials Reviewed: Bennett Centre Booklets, Worksheets, Blog Posts...

What is the difference between reflects light and emits light?

Do stars produce their own light?

Does the moon produce it's own light?

Do planets produce their own light?

How do you do an analysis of handwriting?

What are things to remember when examining footprints?

Types of finger prints?

Ridge Characteristics?

How could you tell the difference between running footprints and walking footprints?

Why do investigators do Chromatography experiments

How do forests benefit us?

How can we damage the forest?

Describe the process of photosynthesis?

What is germination?

What can we learn from tree cookies?

How do we classify trees?

Balloon over beaker/ water heated/ balloon inflates

What are the components of air... What are the 2 main gasses

Why do car manufacturers make vehicles aerodynamic?

Properties of Air...

How do airplanes produce trust?

How does a glider produce lift?

What is Bernoulli principle?

Why is it possible for an airplane to achieve lift?

What are the different parts of an airplane... what do they do?

Why did the candles blow out when we covered them with a jar

Why would you put a hole in a parachute

What experiment do you remember that showed high and low pressure

Why do hot air balloons use burners... What is the purpose?

How do hot air balloons maintain stability?

How long does it take for the Earth to rotate around the Sun?

How long does it take for the moon to rotate around the earth?

What are the different moon phases?

What is bigger a galaxy or a universe?

What is bigger the Milky Way or the universe?

What are the circumpolar constellations?

Why do we have less light in the winter than in the summer?

Please leave me a post of your final thoughts about science this year...

Flight and Air

Bernoulli's Principle

Bernoulli's Principle states that rushing air creates low pressure and still air creates high pressure. This applies to an airplane wing because it is in a airfoil shape. A airfoil shape is curved on top making it longer than the bottom which is straight. Since the top is longer, the air has to move faster on top and slower on bottom. The slow moving air on bottom creates high pressure that lifts the wing up achieving lift!

Parachutes

A parachute is a very simple floater that works like this:

A parachute has a large canopy that has a small hole in the top called the air hole, the air hole is used to stabilize the parachute and control how fast the parachute descends. Although the hole in the top can control how fast the parachute descends,  doesn't mean that it’s the only variable that can change the speed. The speed can also change depending on how much weight is attached to the canopy using the shroud lines, the more weight the faster the descent.

The Five Properties of Air

The five properties of air are:

1. Air has mass.

2. Air exerts pressure.

3. Air occupies space.

4. Air can be compressed.

5. Air can flow around surfaces.

Archimedes Principle

This video is all about Archimedes Principle! Enjoy!

Composition of Air

Fire uses oxygen so, if you put a candle under glass there is limited oxygen. This means that the candle will burn out. Another thing is that if you stand up a candle in any liquid, then you light the candle and, put a glass over it the liquid will rise. This is because the candle is using up oxygen which is part of the air. This means that there is less air in the jar so, more room for the liquid, causing the liquid to rise in the jar.

Propellers

The propeller is the planes way of creating thrust. Or in a helicopters case, it's lift. These propellers are basically a mini airplane wing. On an airplane they are on the nose and, the are veritcal in a circle shape. On a helicopter they are on the fuselage horizontally placed in a circle.

The Four Forces of Flight

The four main forces of flight are lift, thrust, gravity, and drag.

In order to achieve flight, lift and thrust must be greater

than the opposite forces, drag and gravity. Thrust is 

produced by the propellers, and lift is produced by the wing.

Adaptations of a Bird

Streamlined body------->  Helps make the bird more aerodynamic so it can fly easier and faster.  

Tucks feet in when flying---------->   Helps streamline by reducing drag.

Hollow bones-----------> helps reduce the bird’s body weight so the lift can overcome it.

Comparison of Birds and, Airplanes

BIRDS	PLANES
streamlined body	streamlined fuselage
airfoil shaped wings	airfoil wings made of metal
birds tuck their feet in during flight	planes retract their wheels during flight
they get the lift from their wings	planes get their lift from their wings
their wings are as long as their body	the wings are as long as the body of the plane's body

Adaptations of a Swimmer

In swimming, most of the things we can change will involve reducing drag, this is because in swimming, your goal is to go fast and drag slows you down.

Shave hair---------> This will reduce the drag that the hair would cause.

Small goggles-------> This will reduce the drag because big goggles will produce drag.

Tight bathing suit--------->  This will cling to the swimmer whereas a baggy bathing suit will create drag.

Hot Air Balloons

On a hot air balloon there are three main parts; the shroud lines, the basket and, the envelope. Their lift is achieved by the hot air blown into the envelope by the burner. The hot air rises into the air and, a big part in the lift of a hot air balloon is Archimedes Principle. this is when the other parts of the hot air balloon come in. The balloon rises which is connected by the shroud lines to the basket which the passengers are held in. There is also, a hole at the top of the balloon which can be opened and, closed causing the balloon to rise or, fall.

The Parts of an Airplane

Parts of Airplane	What it does
ailerons	controls the roll
cockpit	hold the controls
flaps	slow the plane down when landing by increasing drag
elevators	controls pitch
horizontal stabilizer	stabilizes the airplane
vertical stabilizer	stabilizes the airplane
rudder	controls banking
fuselage	body of the plane
wings	create lift
propellers	create thrust

Spacecraft

Designing spacecrafts is a big challenge for mechanics because there is no air in space, meaning bernoulli's principle does not apply. Spacecrafts are made to go really fast and break through the atmosphere, they then orbit around the Earth.

Floaters, Gliders and, Powered Gliders

Floaters	Gliders	Powered gliders
Need wind to be moved.	Travel from a high point to a low point.	Creates and maintains their own thrust.
Can not control their own direction.	Glides, and slowly descends through the air.	ex. airplane, birds
ex. seeds, balloons	ex.paper airplane, wing suit

Sky Science

Sky Science

                                              THE SUN

      Did you know that the sun is just a medium sized star? It formed 4.6 billion years ago and it is only in  the middle of its life. The earth relies on the sun to keep our planet alive, by helping with photosynthesis and keeping us warm. The sun can reach temperatures of 27 million degrees, so the heat can reach all the way to Neptune and Uranus. 

PLANET

 Mercury:

The planet Mercury got it's name from the Roman god Mercury ( also known as Hermes in Greek form ). Mercury is the smallest of the planets, and has a very cratered surface. The surface of Mercury can reach up to 427 degrees celsius. Mercury does not really have much of an atmosphere, so there is nothing to trap the heat. At night the temperature can reach down to 173 degrees celsius. Mercury orbits around the sun in 88 Earth days. That is a year on Mercury. 56 of these days are daytime.

Venus:

Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love also known as Aphrodite in Greek form. Venus is the second planet away from the sun and  is also the hottest planet. The planet is extremely dry because of the planet's heat, any liquid will melt away.   Venus can reach temperatures of 475 degrees celsius. Another reason why Venus has a terrible surface and atmosphere is because of the poisonous clouds.Many people think that Venus is our sister planet.

Earth:

Go look outside!;)

Mars:

Mars is named after the Roman God Mars ( also known as Ares in Greek form ). Mars is also known as the red planet, is the 4th planet closest to the sun. The planet orbits 24.2 km per second and has a surface temperature of -23 degrees. On Mars, 1 year is the same as 686.98 days on Earth and 1 day is the same as 24.6 days on Earth. Mars has a dusty and dry surface. The dark spots people used to think were water or lakes are volcanoes that made many people believe that Mars is an alien planet.

Jupiter:

Jupiter is named after the Roman God Jupiter ( also known as Zeus in Greek form ). Jupiter is the 5th planet away from the sun and is also the biggest planet in our solar system. The planet is very large, so large you could fit up to 1000 Earths inside. Jupiter's mass is also a lot heavier than Earth's, the mass of Jupiter is 318 times heavier. Many people find Jupiter's colours very interesting, but, believe it or not, Jupiter's colours are caused by storms. When observing Jupiter in a photo you may come across a red spot. This red spot is a storm that has been raging for hundreds of years.

Saturn:

The planet Saturn is named after the roman god Saturn ( also known as Cronus ). Did you know that Saturn is the second biggest planet in our Solar System?   But their 9 rings make a huge difference! Even though the rings are thin, they reach out 273 266 km wide! That's what makes it the biggest planet. The rings are made up of trillions of icy crystals that are held up by the moons of Saturn. There are 53 moons of Saturn, the biggest being Titan. Titan is the second biggest moon in our Solar System. But out of those 53 moons, 18 are named, and 9 are unofficial. Although Saturn is pretty cool, us humans can't live on it yet. They can't even set foot on it! Saturn is so gaseous we wouldn't be able to live on Saturn for more than 5 minutes. Saturn is a gas planet, it's 97% hydrogen, 3% helium, and 0.05% methane. It would be quite cool to live on Saturn, but some people might not like it because you weigh more on Saturn! Even though humans can not set foot on Saturn, many robots have like: Pioneer 11, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and Cassini. Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture (Kronos in Greek god form). Saturday is also named after Saturn. Galileo found Saturn in 1610 with a telescope.The Climate in Saturn is quite windy! There are strong winds coming out of speed of about 800 kmp. Also Saturn has a very strong magnetic field. It's the most dense planet in our Solar System. The length of 1 day on Saturn is 10 hours and 39 minutes, which is the time period of 1 full rotation around the sun. And the length of 1 year in saturn is 29.5 Earth years, (which is one full rotation around the sun.)

Uranus:

Uranus in named after the Roman god Uranus ( also know as Ouranus ).

Did you know that the planet is the 3rd biggest planet? Well, not only is it the 3rd biggest it is also the coldest. The average temperature is around

224 degrees Celsius. Believe it or not,  Uranus is also a gas planet and one year on Uranus is the same as 84 Earth days! The planet has 27 moons and all of them are named after either William Shakespeare or Alexander Pope.

Moon Phases

There are 7 moon phases which are the, waxing crescent, the 1st quarter, the waxing gibbous, the full moon, the 3rd quarter, the waning crescent and the new moon.  The full moon occurs every 29.5 days, in between that all the other moon phases happen.  This month the full moon will happen on the 23rd and the new moon has already happened and it was on the 8th.  Moon phases are created from the sun rays reflecting on the moon. A good way to remember the moon phases is “light from the right and leaves from the left”

Some people just think that the moon is there telling us that it's time to go to bed. But without The Moon, we wouldn't get its gravity. Without The Moons gravity Earth would have massive earthquakes, massive floods, and our nights would be half the size that they are now. I wouldn't like that! The Moon also controls the ocean tidal waves, and balances out the Sun's gravity. Without the Moon, the Earth would rotate a lot faster, making the wind 100 mph 24/7. These excessive winds wouldn't allow us to live.

Constellations

Did you know constellations turn as the seasons pass! Constellation are a group

of a lot of stars that make a picture in the night sky of a mythological creature.  To find the constellations it is like a game of connect the dots.  As time passed more and more constellations appeared in the sky. In 1925 the sky adapted 88 constellations.  The constellations in the southern hemisphere just recently got named because these specific constellations were not visible to places like Africa and Europe.  Some of the constellations, were even made up of extra stars because these stars didn't make up any of the other constellations that were already made.  Constellations got their names from Greek mythological creatures.  When you look up in the night sky you can point them out (when it is a clear night).  Also on a dark clear night over 1000 stars are visible in the sky.

Names of Common Constellations

• Big Dipper
• Cepheus
• Cygnus
• Orion
• Gemini
• Aries
• Capricorn
• Hercules
• Ursa Major
• Ursa Minor
• Leo
• Aquarius
• Pisces
• Taurus
• Cancer
• Scorpio
• Virgo
• Libra
• Ophiuchus
• Sagittarius
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

 Who committed the crime? well, we'll find out! our field trip was awesome, I learned soooo much, we learned about testing fingerprints by using graphite powder (fingerprint analysis), how to tell whose footprints are on the ground, and even whose pen was used in a letter (chromatography) ! Now to the details, first, just to let you know, I'm just going to tell you the main points, so here we go! the first station me and group went to was the fingerprint analysis, at that station we learned learned that fingerprints are one of the best ways to figure out who committed the crime because everyone has a different fingerprint. The next station was looking at footprint and telling whose it was, we learned that if you're  comparing a shoe to the print, then it is best to look at  the patterns on the shoe. Then we headed to the fibre and hair analysis, when we were there, we looked at hair and fibre through microscopes, one of the main points I learned was that if you are trying to compare the given sample to the found sample, it is easiest if the microscopes are next to each other. Then, we headed to the  chromatography station, It was here that I learned how to test the suspects pens if there was a note left at the crime scene. Probably the biggest point I learned at that station was that you can put special cards with the suspects pen on it, in a certain solution to match the letter. It was also at this station that we  learned how to compare handwriting, in fancy terms, handwriting analysis, The biggest point I learned here was that you can take a word from the note from the crime scene and compare it to the same word written by the suspect. If the handwriting matches then you will have your answer. In the end, many of our answers pointed towards Alistair, It turned out he was the one who committed the crime, overall, I'm very excited for this unit and am hoping to answer my question. Do you have the same fingerprint on all of your fingers?

Evidence and Investigation

At the evidence and investigation field trip I learned about different ways  to solve a crime. You can use, fingerprint analysis, chromatography analysis, graphology/handwriting analysis,  fibre/hair analysis, soil analysis and animal walking and running tracks.

Fingerprint Analysis
At this station we looked at fingerprints, there are 4 main fingerprint types: whorl, arch, loop and composite. To uncover who's fingerprint it was in the crime scene we used graphite powder to uncover the fingerprint, then we put tape on it to make it clear. After we discovered what the fingerprint in the crime scene was, we looked at the fingerprint samples of all the possible suspects. We then chose a fingerprint that matched the one in the crime scene. A fingerprint is an example of hard evidence because everyone has a different fingerprint.

Chromatography Analysis
At this station we  were testing the different colors of ink. First we put the paper with the ink in a chromatography solution to make the ink bleed, this made it easier to identify the color of the ink. After looking at all the ink samples we matched it with the color of ink the note in the crime scene was written with.

Graphology/Handwriting Analysis
At this station we used graphology analysis to match the handwriting in the note with one of the suspects handwriting. We looked at different things like the slant of the letters, special details in the writing, and the style of writing to help us figure out who wrote the note in the crime scene.

Fibre/Hair Analysis
At this station we looked at different fibre and hair samples of the suspects through a microscope. We recorded down important details so we could match the samples to the fibre and hair found in the crime scene.

Soil Analysis
At this station we looked at different soils that were in or on  the suspects shoes. We wrote down what each soil from each shoe was like (the texture, color, content, etc.) We then looked at the crime scene sample and  figured out what suspect sample it matched.

Animal Walking and Running Tracks
At this station we looked at animal tracks that were found in the crime scene. We revealed that the animal that left the tracks was a cat. We could also see if the animal was walking, running, or standing still by looking at the spacing of the footprints.

Footprint Analysis
At this station we looked at the shoe prints of all the possible suspects so we could match them to the footprints in the crime scene. We drew and wrote about all the suspects shoe prints so it would be easier to identify them.

Who Did It?
Finally after doing all the analysis we came to a conclusion that Anna was the final suspect. We know because she was the suspect for the fingerprint, fibre, hair, and soil analysis.

Evidence and Investigation

Graphite Powder from the fingerprinting station

At the fingerprinting analysis station, we learned that fingerprints can be very important when identifying suspects, as a fingerprint means that the suspect was in that room and touched that object. Investigators will use graphite powder to collect fingerprints off of objects. There are 4 main fingerprint types, arches, loops, whorls, and composite. 

The Chromatology Station

At the chromatology analysis station, we studied how they identify what pen wrote what by using chromatology solution to make the ink bleed up the paper. When the chromatology solution hit the ink, it separates the inks ingredients, causing it to bleed.

The note

At the Handwriting analysis station, we used tracing paper to identify who wrote what using tracing paper. You can either trace the underlining of the words, or the slant of the letters. We had to identify who wrote the ransom note.

At the Hair and Fibre Analysis station, we used microscopes to identify what hair or fibre belonged to who. We had to chart the different qualities of the fibre or hair. 

Footprints

At the soil and footprint analysis station, we examined the soil of the garden and the soil on the shoes of the suspects. There were 6 different soils to be examined, including the soil from the garden. We also had to compare the suspect's shoes with the tracks found at the scene. We also learned how to tell is an animal or a person is walking or running. 

At the end, we determined that Allister, who kidnapped his uncle and foraged the note so he could get 80% of the inheritance. Our results at the Fingerprint, Handwriting, Fibre, and Footprint stations comfirmed this.

Evidence and Investigation

Fingerprint analysis
In the fingerprint analysis we learnt how to track fingerprints using graphite powder. We also learnt what pattern you can have on fingers, you can either have a loop, an arch, a composite or the whirl.  This was one of my favorite stations.


Chromatography Analysis
This station was where we either picked blue or black (in my case black) and, we had to put it on a little sheet of paper and we put them in a solution.  This was to see who could have been the suspect by seeing how far the ink raised.


Handwriting/Graphology
In the handwriting station we saw one sample of writing and the card, we had to figure out who's writing that could have been the suspect.  In our case our suspect for the handwriting station we got Ally. (but was that our final suspect)

Fibre and Hair analysis
In this station we learnt that by looking with a microscope we can see fibres and hairs from the 5 suspects. When we wer at this station we figured out that was the 4th time we had Anna as a suspect.

Soil  analysis
In this station we looked at all the suspects shoes and we also looked at the crime scene to see if any matched. Before we looked at the crime scene we looked at the bottom of the shoes to see if they were worn out or anything like that

Animal walking and running tracks
When we were at this station we had to see what kind of animal it was and if it was running or walking. We figured out that is wad running and then walking and the animal was a cat.

Final Suspect
In the end we learnt that are final suspect was Anna. We were the only ones who got Anna, because it wouldn't be fair if somebody called out "Oh It's Anna"  So everybody got a different suspect just to be fair.